Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF) II Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) II

Introduction of CCF:

Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is defined as the inability of the heart to maintain an output adequate to meet the metabolic demands of the body, resulting from either systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Systolic failure occurs due to the heart’s reduced pumping efficiency, while diastolic failure arises when the heart cannot fill effectively at low pressures. The key clinical manifestations include dyspnea, hepatomegaly, and peripheral edema due to elevated left or right ventricular pressures1.

Clinical Features

Infants typically present with poor feeding, failure to thrive, excessive sweating, and respiratory distress. Older children may show signs similar to adults, such as fatigue, orthopnoea, and weight gain from fluid retention. Physical examination findings may include tachypnea, tachycardia, hepatomegaly, pulmonary congestion, and peripheral edema3.

Management of CCF:

Management of CCF focuses on treating the underlying etiology, optimizing preload and afterload, and enhancing myocardial contractility. Common pharmacological therapies include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and inotropes. In severe or unresponsive cases, surgical interventions such as valve repair or correction of congenital anomalies, or even mechanical ventilation, may be necessary3.

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Prevention and Prognosis of CCF:

The prognosis is generally favorable, with most patients recovering over weeks to months; however, some may experience residual symptoms. Prevention strategies include prompt treatment of infections and avoiding modifiable risk factors2.

References (Vancouver Style)

1. Kumar RK, Tandon R, Raj M. Disorders of Cardiovascular System. In: Ghai OP, Gupta P, Paul VK, editors. Ghai Essential Paediatrics. 8th ed. New Delhi: CBS Publishers; 2011. p. 396–401.

2. Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020.

3. Wong DL, Hockenberry MJ, Wilson D, Winkelstein ML, Kline NE. Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing. 11th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2021.

Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF): Nursing Care, NCLEX-RN & AIIMS NORCET-8 MCQs with Answers

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